Understanding Complexity Of Identity Formation In A Clinical Approach

Delve into the clinical approach of identity formation to learn how therapists can support clients in their identity journey.

Introduction

Many individuals deal with musculoskeletal, autoimmune, gut, or body issues that can affect their daily routine and how they perceive themselves when getting checked out by their doctors. Many healthcare professionals can help assess individuals with these pain-like symptoms causing overlapping risk profiles by creating a safe and positive experience with a clinical approach. By creating a secure environment, many individuals can have good experiences when pain-like issues are affecting their bodies. By delving into today’s article, we are going to look into identity formation, the four identity statuses, and the various areas of identity development.

Theories & Types of Identity Formation

A lot of individuals have an identity, but have they always had one? Everyone’s identity is a conglomeration of the characteristics, values, and attributes they consider significant and use to define themselves. People’s identities are developed as they mature and gain knowledge about the world; they are not forced upon them. Adolescence is the first period when individuals notice a significant change toward identity creation and self-exploration.

A major concern in theories of teenage development is identity building. Identity formation, for instance, was emphasized as the main sign of effective development throughout adolescence in Erikson’s 1968 classic theory of developmental phases. Teenagers who struggle to define their identities may have role confusion, which suggests that they need to do more self-discovery and are unclear of their place in the world.

The Four Identity Statuses

Many healthcare providers will hear their patients describe identity formation during adolescence as it involves decision points and commitments regarding belief systems (e.g., religion, politics) and occupations. The four modes of reacting to late identity crises during the adolescent phase were described, measured, and validated so that individuals could figure out their identity status. (Marcia, 1966)  The four described identity statuses are:

• Foreclosure: An individual commits to an identity without exploring options.
• Identity diffusion: When individuals neither explore nor commit to any identities.
• Moratorium: A state in which individuals actively explore options but have not made commitments.
• Identity achievement: When individuals have explored different options and made identity commitments.

For example, teens may commit to an identity without exploring if they are content with the values, culture, and religion they were raised in. Teens in foreclosure status may adopt large parts of their parents’ identities or the identity parents have put them on. However, when teens achieve identity, they can explore the world for themselves and decide how they identify due to those experiences. This causes them to relinquish their claims of infantile sources of gratification, thus renouncing lingering fantasies of competence. (Marcia, 1967) At the same time, many people have experienced things that led to a crisis. The thing is that a crisis doesn’t necessarily mean a negative event; it’s simply branching out from what’s comfortable to discover who they are.

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Various Areas of Identity Development

As a stage in the adolescent life cycle, identity development happens to many people. For many, the search for identity begins in the teenage years. During these years, adolescents are more open to taking on different behaviors and appearances to discover who they are. In an attempt to find their own identity and discover who they are, adolescents tend to cycle through several identities to find one that suits them best. Multiple factors like family life, environment, and social status can make it difficult to develop and maintain an identity. Some studies suggest that this process might be more accurate to identity development rather than formation but confirm this is a typical change process in people’s thoughts about themselves.

Several different areas of identity development are described:

• Religious identity: Teens’ religious views are similar to those of their families. Many may question specific customs, practices, or ideas in their parents’ faith, but a few may completely reject their families’ religion. This is due to the dynamic of the parent-adolescent relationship with religion and exerts positive effects on adolescent adjustments. (Kim-Spoon et al., 2012)
• Political identity: Adolescents’ political identity is influenced by their parents’ political beliefs. In the 21st century, a new trend shows decreased political affiliation among young adults. However, many adolescents tend to be more liberal than their elders on social issues. This is due to many adolescents encountering events that trigger their civic interest and challenge their beliefs and moralities. (Stattin et al., 2017) Like in other aspects of identity formation, adolescent individuals are predicted by their parents’ involvement and current events when there is an interest in politics.
• Vocational identity: Adolescents in earlier generations envisioned themselves working in a particular job and often worked as apprentices or part-time in such occupations. This is a rare case for many people in today’s world. Vocational identity is also related to ego identity by correlating with a successful transition from school to work, allowing individuals to be more confident in their decision-making ability, especially in environmental ambiguities. (Koo & Kim, 2016) Still, vocational identity takes a bit longer to develop since many workplaces require specific skills and knowledge that require additional education or are acquired on the job. Additionally, many job opportunities held by teens are not in occupations many will seek as adults.
• Ethnic identity: Ethnic identity refers to how many individuals come to terms with who they are based on ethnicity or racial ancestry. According to the U.S. Census 2012, Americans under 18 are from historically marginalized ethnic groups. Many people who identify under BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, people of color) have discovered their ethnoracial identity as an important part of their identity formation as teens.
• Gender identity: Gender identity involves an individual’s sense of gender and can be similar to or different from their biological sex regardless of age group. Gender identity greatly influences many adolescents during these years of self-discovery and can impact other areas of identity, like religion and politics.

Self-Concept

Self-concept and self-esteem are the two primary facets of identity formation. An individual’s capacity to have views and beliefs established with confidence, consistency, and stability throughout their life is the central premise of self-concept. Cognitive growth in early adolescence leads to increased self-consciousness, awareness of others and their opinions, the ability to think about abstract future possibilities, and the ability to weigh many alternatives at once. Consequently, many teenagers will stop using straightforward, global, and concrete self-descriptions when they are younger. As kids, they use physical characteristics like gender, hair color, or whether they’re quick to identify themselves.

Many teenagers can imagine many “possible selves” they may become, and their decisions may have long-term effects or possibilities. Exploring these options may cause individuals to change how they show themselves when a teenager selects or rejects traits and actions. In addition, when combining their combinational operation with their degree of identification, both men and females exhibit strong positive connections. (Wagner, 1987)  This, in turn, means directing the real self toward the ideal self. The perfect self differs from person to person; many aspire to be the person they want to be, while many dread becoming the person they do not want to be. Many may find this unsettling, but it may also serve as motivation by demonstrating consistent conduct that aligns with the ideals and distinguishes the feared potential selves.

Our ideal and frightened selves may be simultaneously explored and discovered. To create their own identities, many young people may observe characteristics in their family members, friends, or other community members and begin to consider what they like and dislike simultaneously. Teenagers learn to identify the factors that impact their conduct and how others see them, which leads to a further distinction in their self-concept, known as differentiation. Differentiation seems completely established by mid-adolescence and peaks when students enter the seventh or ninth grade. Nowadays, identifying contradictory material in one’s self-concept is a frequent cause of anxiety. Nonetheless, promoting their exploration and growth might help a lot of teenagers.

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is the other facet of identity development. Self-esteem is a person’s perception of their identity and self-concept. According to several views, self-esteem includes a strong desire to preserve, defend, and improve. Contrary to common assumption, however, no evidence supports these hypotheses, indicating a substantial decline in teenage self-esteem. The self-esteem of men and women differs, with women experiencing higher levels of self-esteem when they have supportive friendships. Nonetheless, women experience poor self-esteem when they cannot locate a companion who shares their hobbies and interests or when a friend rejects them.

Men have a distinct sense of self-worth. Regarding self-esteem, men focus more on defining authority and establishing and claiming their independence. As a result, men can effectively use the influence of their peers and friends to have high self-esteem. However, one of the primary causes of poor self-esteem in men might be a lack of romantic abilities or even the inability to sustain another person’s passion.

Conclusion

Numerous medical experts may use a clinical approach to identity development to provide a secure environment and a satisfying experience for people when evaluating the pain-like sensations impacting their bodies. Additionally, by offering a variety of alternatives in their individualized treatment plans to improve their health and well-being, a thorough awareness of the significance of identity development helps foster positive relationships with patients.

Injury Medical & Functional Medicine Clinic

We associate with certified medical providers who understand the importance of identity formation when assessing individuals dealing with various pain-like symptoms within their bodies. When asking important questions to our associated medical providers, we advise patients to implement small changes to their daily routine to reduce the pain-like symptoms associated with body pains. Dr. Alex Jimenez, D.C., utilizes this information as an academic service. Disclaimer.

References

Kim-Spoon, J., Longo, G. S., & McCullough, M. E. (2012). Parent-adolescent relationship quality as a moderator for the influences of parents’ religiousness on adolescents’ religiousness and adjustment. J Youth Adolesc, 41(12), 1576-1587. doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9796-1

Koo, H.-Y., & Kim, E.-J. (2016). Vocational Identity and Ego Identity Status in Korean Nursing Students. Asian Nursing Research, 10(1), 68-74. doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2015.11.001

Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. J Pers Soc Psychol, 3(5), 551-558. doi.org/10.1037/h0023281

Marcia, J. E. (1967). Ego identity status: relationship to change in self-esteem, “general maladjustment,” and authoritarianism. J Pers, 35(1), 118-133. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01419.x

Stattin, H., Hussein, O., Ozdemir, M., & Russo, S. (2017). Why do some adolescents encounter everyday events that increase their civic interest whereas others do not? Dev Psychol, 53(2), 306-318. doi.org/10.1037/dev0000192

Wagner, J. A. (1987). Formal operations and ego identity in adolescence. Adolescence, 22(85), 23-35. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3591499

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